ABSTRACT. Analyzing the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) content in milk is relevantbecause it helps evaluate the quality of milk that reaches the consumer's table and also helps identify the geographical areas where there is a high possibility of contamination. Accordingly,thispilot project was aimed at determining the extent of contamination by OCP residues and their metabolites in fresh cow's milk in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The OCPs evaluated in this study weredichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (α, β, γ, and δ), endosulfanα and β, andendosulfansulfate. None of the thirty bovine milk samples analyzedshowed any contamination with OCPs.TheOCP content was within the limit of quantification of the method. The results of this study add to the existing knowledge on the quality ofbovine milk produced in these locations. However, further researchon other environmental matricesis required to confirm the results obtained in this study.

Abstract In the present study, we evaluated the physicochemical characteristics (color, humidity, soluble solids, free acidity, pH, ash content, carbohydrate content, and 5-HMF) and antioxidant activity (Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and DPPH free radical scavenging) of honey samples produced by different species of Meliponinae subfamily (n = 16) and A. mellifera (n = 16) from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon region. Considering global averages, the stingless-bee honey had high acidity (93.45 mEq kg-1), high humidity (27.43%), low content of reducing sugars (55.65%), and darker colors (Pfund scale – 162.17 mm), when compared with A. mellifera honey (62.96 mEq kg-1, 19.35%, 65.70% and 68.43 mm for the respective parameters). Furthermore, more than 50% of samples of stingless-bee honey had values of 5-HMF above that proposed by Codex Alimentarius (max. 80 mg kg-1). The two types of honey investigated showed similar results for total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the physicochemical characteristics of the honey samples, showed that the A. mellifera samples formed a differentiated group, while the multi-species Meliponinae samples were more scattered along the PCA axes. The distinctive characteristics of stingless-bee honey compared to A. mellifera honey produced in the same region, reinforces the need for specific regulations for honey produced by stingless-bees.

RESUMO Camu-camu [Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh] é uma planta nativa das planícies inundáveis da bacia amazônica que está em processo de domesticação em áreas de terra firme. Objetivou-se avaliar, qualitativa e quantitativamente, frutos de camu-camu obtidos na primeira produção, em áreas de terra firme, sob adubação mineral e orgânica. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com 10 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Cada parcela experimental foi composta por 4 linhas de 5 covas (3 plantas cova-1). A adubação com resíduos orgânicos (torta de filtro e composto + torta de filtro) a cada quatro meses proporcionou maior produção de frutos (326 g planta-1). No entanto, a produção foi menor quando se utilizou fertilização mineral ou a combinação desta com matéria orgânica (76 ± 40 g planta-1). A fertilização com torta de filtro + composto aumentou o peso (8,91 g) e o tamanho (2,47 cm de diâmetro e 2,30 cm de comprimento) de fruto. A adubação mineral e orgânica não influenciaram nas características químicas dos frutos de camu-camu.

ABSTRACT Camu-camu [Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh] is a native plant of the Amazon basin floodplains that is facing a domestication process in dry land. This study aimed to evaluate, qualitatively and quantitatively, camu-camu fruits obtained at the first harvest, in dry land areas, under mineral and organic fertilization. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 10 treatments and 4 replications. Each experimental plot consisted of 4 lines with 5 holes (3 plants hole-1). Fertilization with organic residues (filter cake and compost + filter cake) every four months provided a higher fruit yield (326 g plant-1). However, the yield was lower when mineral fertilization or its combination with organic matter (76 ± 40 g plant-1) was used. Fertilization with filter cake + compost increased the fruit weight (8.91 g) and size (2.47 cm in diameter and 2.30 cm in length). The mineral and organic fertilization did not influence the chemical characteristics of the camu-camu fruits.

Resumen La leche es un alimento importante en la dieta de la población humana, principalmente por su contenido en grasas, proteínas, vitaminas y minerales. No obstante, el uso de pesticidas organoclorados (PCO) durante décadas ha contaminado el suelo, el agua y el aire y, por tanto, también ha contaminado la leche. En este sentido, en el presente trabajo se realizó una revisión de los artículos científicos, entre 2000 y 2018, relacionados con la evaluación del grado de contaminación de diferentes tipos de leche por PCO en varias regiones del mundo. Como resultado, se observó que, aunque el uso de los PCO ha sido prohibido en la agricultura desde la década de 1980, estos compuestos o sus metabolitos aún se han detectado en muchas muestras, y en algunos casos los niveles se encontraban por encima del máximo permitido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Además, la mayoría de las muestras presentaron contaminación, lo que las convierte en un gran riesgo para la salud humana debido a su bioacumulación.

Abstract Milk is a very important food for human consumption, mainly due to its content of fat, protein, vitamins and minerals. However, the use of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) for decades has contaminated the soil, water and air, and thus has also contaminated the milk. In this sense, in the present work a review of scientific articles was carried out, between the years 2000 and 2018, related to the evaluation of the degree of contamination of different types of milk by OCPs in different regions of the world. As a result, it was observed that although OCPs have been banned for use in agriculture since the 1980s, these compounds or their metabolites have still been detected in many samples, and in some cases the levels were above the maximum allowed by the World Health Organization. In addition, most of the samples presented contamination, which makes them a great risk to human health due to their bioaccumulation.

RESUMO O mel é um produto natural que apresenta várias propriedades benéficas para a saúde, tais como atividade antinflamatória, antioxidante e antimicrobiana, as quais dependem de sua composição. Neste contexto, as propriedades físico-químicas (cor, pH, conteúdo de cinzas, umidade, açúcares e compostos fenólicos totais) e a atividade antioxidadente (capacidade de remoção do radical DPPH) de méis de abelhas Apis mellifera de Santarém, na principal região de produção de mel na Amazônia Oriental, Brasil, foram avaliadas. A maioria das amostras teve cor escura e apresentaram-se ácidas. Os teores de cinzas e a umidade variaram de 0,112 a 0,318 e de 14,751 a 17,514, respectivamente. O teor de açúcares redutores vairou entre 62,873 e 91,563%. O teor total de compostos fenólicos foi mais elevado que os já reportados na literatura, variando entre 15,22 e 16,51 mg g−1 e 17,70 e 18,94 mg g−1 para amostras de mel protegidas e expostas à radiação UV, respectivamente. A quercetina foi encontrada apenas no mel que foi protegido da luz, com teores variando entre 0,24 e 0,43 mg g−1. A ausência de quercetina nas amostras de mel expostas à luz sugere que a radiação UV pode ter degradado esse composto. Todas as amostras apresentaram máxima capacidade de remover o radical DPPH próxima a 50%. Houve correlação inversa entre a cor e o pH, cinzas, açúcares redutores e teor de umidade, e correlação positiva entre a cor e o teor de composto fenólicos e a atividade antioxidante.

ABSTRACT Honey is a natural product that has several beneficial properties for health, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which depend on its composition. In this context, physicochemical properties (colour, pH, ash, moisture, sugars, and total phenolic contents) and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging ability) of Apis mellifera honeys from Santarém, the main honey production area in the eastern Amazon region, were evaluated. Most samples were dark in colour and acidic. The ash and moisture contents ranged from 0.112 to 0.318 and from 14.751 to 17.514, respectively. The reducing sugars content was 62.873-91.563%. The total amount of phenolic compounds was higher than normally reported, ranging between 15.22 and 16.51 mg g−1 and 17.70 and 18.94 mg g−1, for honey after and before exposure to light, respectively. Quercetin was found only in honey that had been protected from light, with values ranging from 0.24 to 0.43 mg g-1. The absence of quercetin in the samples of honey exposed to light suggests that UV radiation has degraded this compound. All samples presented maximum radical scavenging capacity close to 50%. Our results showed inverse correlations between the colour and pH, ash, reducing sugars, and moisture content, and positive correlations between the colour and the concentration of phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity.